How do I avoid overfetching data when using api error handling routines?

Example Concept: Implementing pagination involves dividing data into discrete pages and fetching only the current page's data. Lazy loading defers data fetching until it is needed, such as when a user scrolls to the bottom of a list. Conditional requests use HTTP headers like ETag or Last-Modified to fetch data only if it has changed since the last request, minimizing redundant data transfer.